Thysanura
Thysanura are usually found in moist locations around houses or out-of-doors under stones, bark and boards. They are fast run rapidly and hide in cracks and crevices. Occasionally they damage book bindings, curtains, wallpaper, etc. Silverfish can be a nuisance in houses. They are secretive and usually are most active at night.
Thysanura are wingless insects with flattened elongate bodies, long antennae and usually with three, long, tail like appendages. Mouth parts are formed for chewing. Metamorphosis is minimal (young resemble adults except for size). They are up to 3/8 inches long.
Silverfish,
Lespisma sacchrina (Linnaeus)
(Thysanura: Lepismatidae).
Ephemeroptera
Ephemeroptera are delicate insects with two pairs (rarely just one pair) of triangular shaped wings with many veins - the front pair are large and the hind pair are small. They have long front legs, that are often directed forward. The antennae are very short and there are usually three (less commonly only 2) long, tail-like appendages. The adults have non-functional mouthparts and do not feed.
Immature mayflies have elongate bodies with long legs, short antennae and usually three tails (some only have two). They have leaf like gills on the sides of the abdomen. Nymphs are found in aquatic habitats, are often found on rocks or other substrates. Both the immatures and adults are an important fish food.
Adults are common around water, especially in spring, when they may emerge in large numbers. Adult mayflies live only for one or two days. They do not feed during their adult life but mate and lay eggs during their short adult life. Mayflies are the only insect group that molts after the wings are fully developed. The first winged stage is called the subimago and this stage typically has cloudy wings. Mayflies have incomplete metamorphosis. They can be up to about 1 inch long.
A mayfly,
(Ephemeroptera).
Odonata
Odonata are large insects with two pairs of membranous, many-veined wings; the hind pair are as large as or larger than the front pair. Mouthparts are formed for chewing. They have large conspicuous eyes. Aquatic immature stages, called nymphs (or naiads) live in flowing or still water and are not much like the adults in appearance. Adults are common around ponds, lakes and streams.
Immature Odonata have chewing mouthparts. Naiads have elongated extensible labium with piercing jaws used to capture prey. Dragonflies naiads have elongate or flattened bodies the do not have flattened tail like projections. Damselflies naiads have elongate tails with three flattened tails.
Both the adults and the naiads feed on insects. They are beneficial, because they feed to some extent on mosquitoes and other small flies. Adult dragonflies and damselflies can hover like a helicopter or fly and dart around rapidly. Dragonflies tend to hold their wings flat out from their sides when at rest. Damselflies tend to hold their wings together over the abdomen. They have been called "mosquito hawks" and "snake doctors."
Odonata have incomplete metamorphosis. They are 1/4 inch to over 1 inch in length.
Common skimmer,
Libellula luctosa Burmeister
(Odonata: Libellulidae), male.
Phasmida
Phasmida have elongate bodies. Our species are wingless as adults. However, some tropical forms are winged and are called leaf insects. They have extremely elongate and stick-like bodies with long legs and long antennae. These insects have chewing mouthparts and feed on foliage.
They have one generation per year. Walkingsticks are slow-moving and are generally found on trees or shrubs. Walkingsticks are able to regenerate lost legs.
They have gradual metamorphosis. Large females may be over 7 inches long.
Insects in this order: walkingsticks
Walkingsticks,
Anisomorpha sp.
(Phasmida)
Orthoptera
The order Orthoptera is a large one. Orthoptera generally have two pairs of wings with many veins and range in size from 1/4 inch to 2 inches long. The front pair is usually slender and the hind pair is broad and fan-like. Wings are reduced to small pads in some grasshoppers and crickets. Mouthparts are formed for chewing. Nymphs resemble the adults. Antennae may be long and thread-like (crickets and katydids) or shorter (most grasshoppers). Front wings are generally elongate and the hind wings are usually wider. Wings may be held tent-like over the body or more flattened and overlapping (crickets). Hind legs are generally long and robust, fitted for jumping. Adults in several groups in this order never develop wings. These include such odd insects as the cave crickets. Metamorphosis is gradual.
Some members of this group are quite destructive to crops (grasshoppers). Nearly all Orthoptera in Texas are plant feeders. However, a few are actually predaceous.
Insects in this order: Differential grasshopper, banded-winged grasshopper, katydid,
Differential grasshopper,
Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas)
(Orthoptera: Acrididae).
Mantodea
Mantodea are rather large, elongate and slow-moving insects. Their front legs are greatly modified for grasping prey. Mantids have chewing mouthparts and unusually elongated prothorax. The wings are held over the back and overlap. Metamorphosis is simple.
They are predaceous on a large variety of insects and other arthropods. They usually wait motionless for their prey to venture within striking distance. Mantids are well known as biological control agents. However, they do not distinguish between useful and destructive species but feed on any insects that come near.
Mantids are usually found in foliage. They may be up to 4 inches long.
A praying mantid,
Stagmomantis sp.
(Mantodea: Mantidae).
Blattaria
Blattaria are cursorial (adapted for running) and move rapidly. They have flattened bodies and their head is concealed from above by their pronotum. They have two pairs of wings, but in some species the wings are greatly reduced.
Cockroaches are somewhat general feeders. They do have a preference for materials high in fats and starches. They deposit their eggs in a capsule called an ootheca. Several species invade homes where they can contaminate food. They have an unpleasant odor and can be very annoying in the home. Cockroaches go through simple metamorphosis.
Some insects in this order: American cockroach, German cockroach.
American cockroach,
Periplaneta americana Linnaeus
(Blattaria: Blattidae),
adults and nymphs.
Dermaptera
Dermaptera are medium size insects usually with four wings. The front pair of wings is short, leathery and meet down the center of the back, which leaves most of the abdomen exposed. The hind wings are folded under these. A pair on non-poisonous pinchers are found at the end of the abdomen. The pinchers are not segmented but consist of a single piece. The pinchers often are asymmetric, i.e., the right and left sides are shaped differently. They have chewing mouthparts.
Usually earwigs are found outdoors hiding under leaves, boards or in cracks during the day. Earwigs can be destructive in greenhouses and rarely in field crops. They are a nuisance when they enter homes. They release a bad smelling substance when disturbed. Some earwigs provide some parental care for the young.
Earwigs undergo simple metamorphosis. Most earwigs are about 1/2 - 3/4 inch in length as adults.
Ring-legged earwig,
Euborellia annulipes (Lucas)
(Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae)
Plecoptera
Adult stoneflies have two pairs of wings which are held together flat and extend beyond the abdomen. The hind wings are much larger than the front and are folded fan-like under the front wing. Stoneflies have long antennae and two long appendages (cerci) at the end of the abdomen. Adults and nymphs (or naiads) have chewing mouthparts.
Nymphs have elongate bodies with long legs and long antennae. They usually have only two tails on the end of the abdomen. The gills of stoneflies are found on the thorax and head. Usually the gills are feathery or branched fleshy extensions often under the base of the legs. They are 1/2 to one inch in length and undergo simple metamorphosis.
A stonefly,
(Plecoptera), adult.
Psocoptera
Psocoptera are tiny insects that have either four wings or none at all. Wings are held tent-like over the back of the body. They generally have long antennae and soft bodies. They have chewing mouthparts. Booklice are found around old books, papers and in damp, dark rooms. Those with wings are called psocids (pronounced "so-sids"). Most live outdoors and are found resting in soil litter, around vegetation or on stones, logs and fences. Rather uncommon but may be locally abundant. Some booklice feed on stored grains while others are library pests.
They undergo gradual (paurometabolous) metamorphosis with the life stages are egg, nymph and adult. They range in size from microscopic to 1/4-inch.
Barklice
Archipsocus nomas Gurney (Psocoptera: Archipsocidae), silk-wrapped tree trunk.
Phthiraptera
Phthiraptera are divided into the chewing lice (Mallophaga) and sucking lice (Anoplura).
These insects are wingless parasites that live on most birds and mammals. The chewing lice feed on bits of hair, feathers or skin of the host. The sucking lice feed mainly on blood. Lice deposit their eggs on the hair or feathers of the host. These insects are irritating pests that can be carriers of disease. Only the sucking lice contain members that attack humans. Phthiraptera undergo simple metamorphosis.
Suborder Mallophaga (chewing lice)
The chewing lice are sometimes consisted to be two suborders, the Amblycera and Ischnocera. They are small, flat, wingless, parasitic insects with mouth parts formed for chewing. Legs and antennae are short. Immature stages resemble the adults except for size. These insects feed upon feathers of birds or on hair and skin scales of other animals. They are important pests of domestic fowl and animals, but they do not live on man. About 1/6 to 3/16 inch long when mature. The chicken head louse, Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsh) (Phthiraptera; Ischnocera: Philopteridae) is an example.
Suborder Anoplura (sucking lice)
Anoplura are small, flat, wingless, parasitic insects with mouthparts formed for piercing and sucking. Legs and antennae are short. Immature stages resemble the adults. These insects are found commonly on domestic animals, but not on birds. The human louse belongs to this suborder. They feed by sucking blood and are important pests of domestic animals and man. The human body louse has been responsible for millions of human deaths through the centuries. They spread the organism causing epidemic typhus from one person to another. The hog louse, Haematopinus suis (Linnaeus) (Phthiraptera; Anoplura: Haematopinidae) is an example.
Chicken body louse,
Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch)
(Phthiraptera: Menoponidae).
Homoptera
Homoptera may or may not have wings. All have sucking mouthparts. Wings, when present, are four in number and are held roof-like over the body and are usually membranous. Cicadas and leafhoppers all have wings. Aphids may or may not have wings and are small, typically with a pair of projections (cornicles) arising from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. Scale insects are wingless; live on branches, roots and leaves; and move around little, if any, after beginning to feed. The body is covered with a hard or waxy covering. Mealybugs are usually wingless; whitish or gray in color; covered with a waxy substance; and move slowly.
All Homoptera feed on plants. Mouthparts are formed for piercing and sucking and the beak arises from the hind part of the head. Leafhoppers, aphids, etc. come in many shapes and sizes. Some species in the order Homoptera give birth to living young.
Metamorphosis is generally considered to be gradual but it is modified in whiteflies and some other Homoptera. Most forms are small or microscopic, cicadas are nearly 3/4-inch long.
Dog-day cicada,
Tibicen spp.
(Homoptera:Cicadidae)
Coleoptera
The largest order by number of species is Coleoptera. One in five living animal species is a beetle.
Coleoptera usually have two pairs of wings. The front pair of wings, called elytra, are thick and form a hard shell over the abdomen of the most beetles. Elytra meet in a straight line down the middle of the back. Some have short elytra and may be confused with earwigs but the caudal appendages on beetles are segmented rather a single piece like in earwigs. The hind wings are membranous and are folded under the front wings when at rest. Mouthparts are formed for chewing in adult beetles and immatures but some are modified considerable for piercing or pollen feeding. Weevils may have a snout which can be long and slender giving them the appearance of a sucking mouth but mandibles are at the end.
Immatures can have six legs or be legless almost maggot-like, and generally are called grubs. They come in many sizes and shapes and include the wireworms, white grubs and many others. Some are more worm-like. They generally short antennae, and a distant head capsule. Prolegs are never present but there may be extensions or hooks on the end of the abdomen.
Coleoptera is the largest order of insects, including about 1/4 of all known insects with about 280,000 different species in the world. Food habits are varied. Some feed on living plants; some are predaceous; some are scavengers; and others bore in wood. This order includes some of the best known and most important of our insect enemies. Most of the members are terrestrial, but some are aquatic. Perhaps the most famous members of this group are lady beetles, June beetles and the cotton boll weevil.
Beetles go through complete metamorphosis. They are microscopic to over 2 inches long.
Tiger beetle,
Cicindela ocellata retilatera
Chaudoir
(Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).
Thysanoptera
Thrips usually have two pairs of slender wings with few veins and fringed with long hairs. Some species and immatures are wingless. Legs and antennae are short. Mouthparts are modified for rasping plant surfaces and sucking up the juices. Immature stages resemble the adults.
Some thrips feed on plants; others prey on small insects. Those that feed on plants are frequently injurious in greenhouses or on vegetable crops. They will also bite humans but only cause momentary discomfort.
Thrips usually have two pairs of slender wings with few veins and fringed with long hairs. Some species and immatures are wingless. Legs and antennae are short. Mouthparts are modified for rasping plant surfaces and sucking up the juices. Immature stages resemble the adults.
Some thrips feed on plants; others prey on small insects. Those that feed on plants are frequently injurious in greenhouses or on vegetable crops. They will also bite humans but only cause momentary discomfort. Thrips have a gradual metamorphosis (paurometabolous).Thysanoptera are tiny insects about 1/32" to 1/8" long.
Insects in this order: thrips, onion thrips.
Mecoptera
Scorpionflies are harmless, but are so named because some of the males have the end of the abdomen enlarged which makes it look like the stinger of a scorpion. Mecoptera are small to medium-sized insects with four long, narrow wings and long antennae. They have chewing mouthparts located at the end of a broad, flat snout; which is two or three times as long as the head is wide. The larvae are like caterpillars and live in damp soil. They feed on organic matter and are seldom seen.
Scorpionflies are not common. Scorpionflies are usually found only during a two or three week period in the summer. These insects are found resting on plants that grow along the banks of streams and in damp woods. The adults are attracted to lights on occasion. Adults feed on insects, usually after they are dead. Some species capture live insects.
Metamorphosis is complete. Larvae are about 1/2 inch long but the adults are a little larger with the spindly legs and long wings.
Scorpionfly, Panorpa nuptialis Gerst
Lepidoptera
This is a large order of insects and one of the best known. It contains some of our most important pests; such as the bollworm, armyworms, cutworms, codling moth, clothes moth and cabbageworm.
Lepidoptera usually have four well developed wings covered with overlapping scales as adults. A few adult Lepidoptera have reduced wings or none at all. Mouthparts of the adults are formed for sucking but some have reduced or non-functional mouthparts.
Butterflies generally fly during the day and can be recognized by the clubbed antennae. Skippers are much like butterflies but have the end of the antennae hooked rather than clubbed. Moths generally fly at night but there are exceptions. Moths have antennae that are linear or feathery but not clubbed.
Immature stages (larvae) are known as caterpillars. Names like cutworms, armyworms, hornworms and many others apply to groups of caterpillars that may be related taxonomically or by similar biology. Their mouthparts are formed for chewing. The well developed head capsule has short antennae. On the front of the face of caterpillars is an groove or suture shaped like an inverted "V." On caterpillars there is a second suture called an adfrontal suture just under the "V." Almost all have crochets (small hooks) on the prolegs even if the prolegs are reduced. These hooks help the caterpillar hold onto the substrate. Caterpillars feed on foliage, stored products, linens. Some are leafminers and a few are borers in herbaceous and woody plants.
Most Lepidoptera feed on leaves of plants in the larval stage. Some caterpillars bore in plant stems, others are leafminers and a few are ever predators. All Lepidoptera have complete metamorphosis. Microlepidoptera are often under 1/4 inch, the largest moths and butterflies are over 3 inches.
Monarch butterfly,
Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)
P/S: some of the insects provided here.. so, it may be help us to complete our biology insects projects.
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